英语翻译

英语翻译
Hippos do not ruminate,which means that they do not chew their cud.They have three chambered stomachs—(A hippo's stomach consists of three distinct chambers - the parietal blind sac,the stomach (which can be considered simply connecting tissue),and the glandular stomach which connects to the intestines.The schematic to the right shows a basic sketch of this structure,and the red lines approximate the divisions between each region.4 The parietal blind sac,stomach,and glandular stomach are grouped together and modeled as a CSTR with autocatalytic digestion.The intestines are modeled as a PFR with enzyme catalytized digestion.) consisting of the parietal blind sac,the stomach,and the glandular stomach 4.Their stomachs are designed to efficiently derive nutrition from the lower-energy foods off which they exist.Within the complex structure of the hippo stomach microbial fermentation takes place,which is followed by enzyme catalytized digestion in the small and large intestine which are of similar size and structure.The microbial fermentation of ingested material before enzyme catalytized fermentation classify hippos (along with cows,sheep,goats,and kangaroos) as foregut fermenters,as opposed to hindgut fermentors where enzyme catalytized fermentation proceeds microbial fermentation (as demonstrated by horses,rhinos,rabbits,and koalas) 6.
The only natural predators of adult hippos are humans who seek them for their ivory tusks.However,hyenas,lions,leopards,and crocodiles prey upon hippo calves.The river hippopotamus is not yet endangered,but due to habitat loss and hunting their populations are declining.As a first approximation in the analysis of the digestive system,the system shall be assumed to operate at steady state conditions.However,in the actual case digestive reaction rates may be affected by changes in temperature,in pH,and in the composition of the microbial community.Also,to apply the design equations for ideal reactors,variations in volume due to the absorption of digestive products are assumed to be negligible .