求一篇计算机相关的英文文章,三页左右,多点儿的也可以,发表的文章,最好是数据库相关的文章,可以发我nimgnay040这是163的

The computer (computer) commonly known as the computer,is a kind of computing machines for electronic high speed calculation,numerical calculations can be performed,and can carry out the logic calculation,also has the memory function.Can be run in accordance with the procedures,automatic,high-speed processing of data in modern intelligent electronic devices.The composed of hardware system and software system,not install any software computer called the bare metal.Can be divided into super computer,industrial control computer,network computer,personal computer,the embedded computer five,advanced computer biological computer,photon computer,quantum computer.
The invention of the computer maker John von Neumann.The computer is in twentieth Century the most advanced science and technology inventions,has extremely important influence on the production of human activities and social activities,and with the rapid development of powerful vitality.And its application field is extended from the initial military scientific research applied to each field of the society,has formed a large scale computer industry,promote the technological progress worldwide,which triggered a profound social change,the computer has been in general schools,enterprises and institutions,into the homes of ordinary people,become an indispensable tool in the information society.
The application of the computer more and more popular in Chinese more and,after the reform and open policy,the number of computer users Chinese rising,improve the level of their application,especially the application fields of Internet,communication,multimedia,and achieved good results.From 1996 to 2009,the number of computer users from the original 6300000 increased to 67100000,the number of computers on the network is composed of 29000 original rose to 59400000.Internet users has reached 316000000,with 670000000 mobile users of wireless Internet,the mobile phone Internet users reached 117000000,for the first.Evolution of computing tools experienced from simple to complexIn different stages from low to highAn example ENIAC computer[1]
As fromQuipuIn knots to counting rodsAbacusCalculating ruleMechanicsComputer etc.They play their role in history in different historical periodsIt also inspired the development and design of electronic computer
1889America scientistsHerman,He LeliDeveloped the electric tabulating machine power basedThe calculation data is used to store
1930America scientistsVannevar BushBuild the world's first electronic analog computer
February 14,1946ByUSAThe customization of the first electronic computer in the worldElectronic numerical integrator and computerENIAC Electronic Numerical And CalculatorIn USAUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe advent ofENIAC[2]Chinese nameErnie AkeIs USA Auberdine weapons test site in order to meet the need of calculating trajectory and developedThis computer uses 17840 electron tubeThe size of 80 x 8FootWeighing 28TTonsPower consumption is 170kWThe operation speed of 5000 times per second the addition operationThe cost is about 487000The dollarThe advent of ENIAC is of epoch-making significanceIndicates that the computer eraIn the next 60 yearsComputer technology is developing at an amazing speedThe performance price without any one technology than to increase by 6 orders of magnitude in 30 years[3]
The first generationElectronic digital machine19461958
HardwareAspectA logic element is used in vacuumElectron tubeThe main memory used mercury delay line Electronic digital computer
Cathode rayOscilloscope tube static memoryDrumMagnetic coreExternal memory is used in tapeThe software is used in machine languageAssembly languageApplication field toMilitaryAnd scientific calculation
Volume is largeHigh power consumptionPoor reliabilitySlow speedGeneral for thousands of times per second to tens of thousands of timesExpensive priceBut laid the foundation for the later development of computer
The second generationTransistor digital computer19581964
HardwareOperating systemThe high-level language andCompileThe programApplication field toScienceCalculation and transaction processingAnd began to enter the field of industrial controlVolume is shrinkingTo reduce energy consumptionTo improve the reliability ofOperationSpeedTo improve theThe general number of 100000 times per secondCan be as high as 3000000 timesPerformance than the first generation of computers has greatly improved
The third generationIntegrated circuit digital machine19641970
In terms of hardwareA logic element in theSmall-scaleIntegrated circuitMSISSIThe main memory is usedMagnetic coreSoftwareIn time-sharing operating system and structureLarge scale programming methodCharacteristic is fasterGeneral for millions to tens of millions of times per secondAnd reliability are improved obviouslyFurther price declinesProducts to the generalSeriation and standardizationApplication field into word processing andGraphicalThe field of image processing
The fourth generationLarge-scaleIntegrated circuitMachineSince 1970
HardwareAspectA logic element with large-scale and ultra large scale integrated circuitLSI and VLSIThe database management system softwareNetwork management system and object oriented languageIs characteristic of 1971 the world's first microprocessor in AmericaSilicon ValleyBe bornStartMicro computerIn the new eraFrom the scientific computing applicationsTransaction managementTooProgram controlBusiness graduallyFamily
Due to the development of integrated technologyThe semiconductor chipA higher degree of integrationEach chip can accommodate tens of thousands or even millions of transistorsAnd the arithmetic unit and controller are concentrated in one chipThus appeared the microprocessorAnd can use the microprocessor and large-scaleVery large scale integrated circuit assembly of micro computerIs a microcomputer or PC we often sayA microcomputer small volumeCheap priceEasy to useBut even more than the mainframe computers of the past has reached its functions and speedOn the other handThe use of massThe various logic chip manufacture of ultra large scale integrated circuitHas made the volume is not largeBut computing supercomputer speeds of up to one hundred million or even billions of timesOur country after the 1983 development of galactic 鈪 one hundred million successful operations per second this giant machineAlso in 1993 to develop the galaxy II successful operations per second one billion general-purpose parallel computerThis period also produced a new generation of programming language and database management system and network software
The physical elementThe device changesNot onlyComputerThe host through the renewalOutside itEquipmentAlso in constantly changingFor exampleExternal memoryThe cathode ray initially display tube developmentMagnetic coreDrumAfter the development for the generalDiskAt present there are smallerLarger capacityRead fasterOptical discCDROM