语法.分词作定语、状语、表语的用法

语法.分词作定语、状语、表语的用法
v-ing and v-ed在句中的用法及功能区别.我概念不清楚.分不清分词、动名词等词形.
希望举例句说明.
另外,还有以下疑惑
Ladies and gentlemen,please remain__a__until the plane has come to a complete stop.
a.seated b.seating c.to seat d.seat
为什么选a?
__d__ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
a.The girl was educated b.The girl educated
c.The girl's educating d.The girl's being educated
这四个选项是短语还是动名词,如何区分?为什么选D?